Evaluación de la recuperación del nitrógeno y fósforo de diferentes fuentes de fertilizantes por el cultivo de trigo irrigado con aguas residuales y de pozo

El empleo de fertilizantes nitrogenados y de aguas residuales no tratadas de origen urbano por los cultivos es una necesidad agronómica, económica y ambiental. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la respuesta del cultivo de trigo a la aplicación de diferentes fertilizantes nitrogenados, irrigado con agua residual y de pozo. Se utilizó un suelo Vertisol Háplico. Se usó como cultivo indicador trigo variedad Tlaxcala F2000. Los fertilizantes aplicados fueron: Fertilizante comercial (FC) constituido por Fosfato monoamónico + urea, Fertilizante orgánico (FO) Vermicomposta; y Fertilizante de lenta liberación (FL) combinación de: urea, H2PO4 y arcilla. La mezcla contiene N y P, 8.08 y 6.3 % en peso respectivamente. Los tratamientos se diseñaron para probar el efecto simple de cada uno de estos materiales y la combinación de FL+FO. La dosis de fertilización de N y P fue (280-80-0). Con los datos de los análisis de laboratorio de N y P de las plantas, se calculó la eficiencia de recuperación de estos nutrimentos.Las interacciones fechas de Muestreo por Agua y Fertilizante por agua, fueron significativas al (

Conocimiento tradicional y valoración de plantas útiles en reserva de biosfera el cielo, Tamaulipas, México.

The research was carried out in two ejidos, Alta Cima and San José, El Cielo Biosphere Reserve, from December 2012 to March 2016. Objectives: a) to determine the wealth of useful plants; b) to calculate the level of preference of inhabitants regarding these; and c) to define priorities for conservation and sustainable exploitation through socioeconomic and ecological valuation. Random interviews were performed with 30 % of the households; 20 interviews with quality informants; and two community participative workshops. Various methodologies were used to obtain the “use value” and priorities for conservation. The following were identified: 156 preferred useful plants and 62 botanical families, with the most frequent being Labiatae, Rosaceae, Asteraceae and Fabaceae. The taxa with highest use value were cimarrón walnut (Juglans mollis Engelm.), berry (Maclura tinctoria (L.) D. Don ex Steud.), malva babosa (Heliocarpus donellsmithii Rose), maravilla (Mirabilis jalapa L.), and Mexican royal oak (Quercus germana Schltdl. & Cham.). These use values are not necessarily related to their economic, ecological and social valuation. The species with highest socioeconomic and ecological valuation are five species, vital for the economy and subsistence in El Cielo Biosphere Reserve (Reserva de la Biosfera El Cielo, RBEC): palmilla (Chamaedorea radicalis Mart.), wild blackberries (Rubus sapidus Schltdl. and Rubus coriifolius Liebm.), and wild grapes (Vitis cinerea (Engelm.) Millardet and Vitis tiliifolia Humb. & Bonpl. ex Schult.).La investigación se realizó en dos ejidos, Alta Cima y San José, Reserva de la Biosfera El Cielo, de diciembre 2012 a marzo 2016. Objetivos: a) determinar riqueza de plantas útiles; b) calcular nivel de preferencia de los pobladores respecto a las mismas; y c) determinar prioridades de conservación y aprovechamiento sustentable mediante valoración socioeconómica y ecológica. Se realizaron entrevistas al azar al 30 % de los hogares; 20 entrevistas a informantes de calidad y dos talleres participativos comunitarios. Se utilizaron diversas metodologías para obtener el “valor de uso” y prioridades de conservación. Se identificaron 156 plantas útiles preferidas y 62 familias botánicas, siendo las más frecuentes: Labiatae, Rosaceae, Asteraceae y Fabaceae. Los taxa con mayor valor de uso fueron nogal cimarrón (Juglans mollis Engelm.), mora (Maclura tinctoria (L.) D. Don ex Steud.), malva babosa (Heliocarpus donellsmithii Rose), maravilla (Mirabilis jalapa L.) y encino roble o rojo (Quercus germana Schltdl. & Cham.). Estos valores de uso no necesariamente están relacionados con su valoración económica, ecológica y social. Son cinco las especies con mayor valor socioeconómico y ecológico vitales para la economía y subsistencia en la Reserva de la Biosfera El Cielo (RBEC): palmilla (Chamaedorea radicalis Mart.), zarzamoras silvestres (Rubus sapidus Schltdl. y Rubus coriifolius Liebm.) y uvas de monte (Vitis cinerea (Engelm.) Millardet y Vitis tiliifolia Humb. & Bonpl. ex Schult.)

Relación entre grados-día y la producción de "Opuntia ficus-indica" para consumo humano en Marín, Nuevo León

Air temperature is the most related factor to plant growth and development. There are few investigations reported for growing cactus in northern Mexico that address modeling degree days with biomass production under hydroponic conditions. The objectives of this study were: i) production modeling of cactus pear related to fresh (PF) and dry (PS) biomass, with air temperature; and ii) estimate the rate of biomass growth in a closed hydroponic system. The experiment was conducted in (2009) in Marin, Nuevo Leon, Mexico. The variety �Villanueva� was used, with a population density of 16 plants m-2, a substrate of river sand and a complete nutrient solution. Irrigation was made every third day and the solution was renewed every week. The average values of temperature, relative humidity and degree day in the harvest period were: 29 ºC, 55% RH and 558.2 degree days, respectively. Only two cladodes were left to maturity on the mother cladode and from them were harvested each week all shoots when they reached 15 cm or more in length. The ratio of PF, PS vs. degree days (GD) variables were adjusted to quadratic polynomials with R2= 0.83 and 0.91, respectively; the rate of increase was variable during the crop production cycle. The average monthly production of 16 plants was 4.36 and 0.72 kg m-2 of PF and PS, respectively.La temperatura del aire es el factor que más se relaciona con el crecimiento y desarrollo vegetal. Son pocas las investigaciones reportadas para el cultivo de nopal verdura en el norte de México que abordan el modelado de los grados día con la producción de biomasa en condiciones hidropónicas. Los objetivos de este estudio fueron: i) modelar la producción de nopal verdura relacionando la biomasa fresca (PF) y seca (PS), con la temperatura del aire; y ii) estimar la tasa de crecimiento de biomasa en un sistema hidropónico cerrado. El experimento se realizó en (2009) en Marín, Nuevo León, México. Se usó la variedad ¿Villanueva¿, con una densidad de población de 16 plantas m-2, un sustrato de arena de rio y una solución nutritiva completa. Se rego cada tercer día y la solución fue renovada cada semana. Los valores promedio de temperatura, humedad relativa y grados día en el período de cosecha fueron: 29 ºC, 55% HR y 558.2 grados día, respectivamente. Se dejaron madurar solo dos cladodios sobre el cladodio madre y a partir de ellos se cosecharon cada semana todos los brotes cuando alcanzaron 15 cm o más de longitud. La relación de las variables PF, PS vs. grados-día (GD) se ajustó a polinomios cuadráticos con R2= 0.83 y 0.91, respectivamente; la tasa de incremento fue variable durante el ciclo productivo del cultivo. La producción promedio mensual de las 16 plantas fue de 4.36 y 0.72 kg m-2 de PF y PS, respectivamente

The Resistance of Seven Host Plants to <i>Tetranychus merganser</i> Boudreaux (Acari: Tetranychidae)

Red spider mites, Tetranychus merganser Boudreaux (Acari: Tetranychidae), is an agricultural pest that causes economic losses in papaya and nopal crops in Mexico. The aim of this research was to assess antibiosis and antixenosis as resistance mechanisms in seven host plants (Thevetia ahouai, Carica papaya, Phaseolus vulgaris, Moringa oleifera, Pittosporum tobira, Helietta parvifolia, Capsicum annuum var. glabriusculum) to red spider mites. Antixenosis was evaluated by non-preference for oviposition and feeding, antibiosis by infinitesimal rate of increase, finite rate of increase and doubling time, and the percentage of spider mites mortality. Oviposition and damage by feeding of T. merganser were significantly greater on C. papaya than on the other host plants. The growth rate of the spider mite was significantly lower in P. tobira and T. ahouai than in the other host plants. The percentage of hatched eggs of T. merganser was significantly higher in P. vulgaris than in the other plant species. Based on the demographic parameters, survival, food intake, and oviposition, these results indicated that compared with C. papaya, P. tobira and T. ahouai were more resistant. These results may be due to the fact that they were plants species of different families. The resistant plants can be studied as alternatives in the management of T. merganser

Social and environmental factors in the diversity of tomato landraces from the South-Central region of Mexico

ABSTRACT: In the present study, we investigated the influence of social and environmental factors in the genetic diversity of tomato landraces in the South-Central region of Mexico. A total of 30 tomato landraces, collected in 18 villages with different ethnolinguistic affiliations, were analyzed. We reported that the genetic diversity of tomato landraces is associated with the ethnolinguistic group, weather, and soil-type present in the region studied. Our results showed that there are morphological differences between landraces grown by different ethnolinguistic groups; however, there was also evidence of morphological similarities between landraces from groups with different ethnolinguistic affiliations. Finally, different selection criteria, mainly fruit color, size and shape, plays an important role in the phenotypic divergence among landraces grown in different traditional farming systems

Infectious Diseases Associated with Exposure to Pollutants in a Local Population from Mexico

Agriculture is one of the primary activities in the municipality of Acatzingo, Puebla, Mexico. Agricultural fields are affected by the indiscriminate use of pesticides and hydrocarbon spills, which expose inhabitants to the development of infectious diseases. In the present study, we assessed the likelihood of developing infectious diseases associated with environmental contamination (pesticides and hydrocarbons) in various areas of the municipality of Acatzingo, Puebla, Mexico. A questionnaire was applied to 425 people in four areas of two locations divided according to exposure to hydrocarbons and pesticides. We conducted a binomial analysis using a binary logistic regression model, and the odds ratio (OR) was calculated at p ≤ 0.05. The development of infectious diseases is significantly associated with the geographical zone (p = 0.001). The population of Acatzingo de Hidalgo had a higher predicted probability (54.8%) of developing infections. Zone 3, which is exposed to hydrocarbons, had twice the probability of contracting infections (OR = 1.833, p = 0.093). Factors such as tobacco or alcohol consumption, gender, and age did not influence the development of infectious diseases. However, minors, businesspeople, and individuals with chronic degenerative diseases were more likely to contract infectious diseases. Therefore, it is crucial to implement control and regulation in managing pesticides and hydrocarbon spills to mitigate environmental contamination and the associated risks to human health